Cyber
Cyber is now recognized as a major warfighting domain alongside land, sea, air, and space, where nations compete for dominance through attacks, defense, and information control. Understanding it today is essential, as cyber operations shape modern warfare, national security, and the resilience of societies in an increasingly digital world.
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Institutional Conversion And The Politics Of Digital Insecurity
Abstract: Digital insecurity becomes leverage only when authorities recognised by relevant governance bodies convert cyber risk into binding rules, restrictions, or supervisory duties that alter the terms of participation. This process is called institutional conversion. Three pathways matter most: reliability shock, supplier risk governance, and exposure cascade. Comparing the European Union with Nigeria shows that… Read More
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AI-Enabled Cyberspace Operations
Abstract: Artificial intelligence is reshaping the offence–defence balance in cyberspace. Drawing on recent cases (PromptLock ransomware, Auto-Exploit pipelines, and the Air Force’s DASH wargame) and a systematic review of academic articles, this study examines how AI alters tempo, cost, and thresholds in cyberspace operations. Findings show that AI accelerates offensive exploitation, enables polymorphism, and lowers… Read More
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The Future Challenges And Solutions Of Cybersecurity In Modern Societies
Abstract: Critical communication faces new challenges in terms of cybersecurity in the future. Lessons from Ukraine need to be understood and incorporated to better prepare modern societies. The rapid advancement of technology provides new solutions but also introduces more challenges. Being able to upgrade or adapt old systems to new technology rather than replace them… Read More
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Cybersecurity, Ethical Governance, And The Risks Of AI Integration In Countering Hybrid Threats
Abstract: The article contends that security is now defined as much by protecting cognition as by defending machines or borders, with hybrid threats targeting both technological systems and human perception through advanced AI, deepfakes, and automated manipulation tools. As AI becomes integral to defence, the article emphasises the necessity of rigorous, ethical governance guided by… Read More
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AI In Cyber And The UN’s Role In Competitive Global Disorder
Abstract: AI systems have transformed cyber defence by enabling self-protecting, self-healing, and predictive defence systems, but they also transform cyberattacks by opening new attack vectors and supporting advanced cyber offensive capabilities. This article examines how AI is leveraged in cyberattacks and operations, with selected examples of the “big four” states adversarial to the Western alliances—China,… Read More
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Challenges And Opportunities In A Dynamic Cyber/Hybrid Landscape
Abstract: The cyber threat landscape has grown in scale, sophistication and complexity due to advancements in AI. This evolution can be observed across multiple threat vectors, including cyber-enabled fraud, supply chain attacks, malicious insiders, and disinformation. To fully assess their impact, it is essential to consider their synergistic effects. Meanwhile, the opportunities in cybersecurity are… Read More
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Defining Cognitive Warfare: Maximalist versus Minimalist Approaches
Abstract: Given the relevance, evolution, and proliferation of cognitive warfare in the modern age, it is necessary to delve deeper into the concept to gain an empirical understanding that can inform future policies and practices. Accordingly, a systematic literature review was carried out to define the concept in relation to six key aspects, namely its… Read More
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Hacktivism In Russian Cyber Strategy
Abstract: So-called “hacktivist groups” have become an important part of Russia’s cyberspace strategy against the West. In reality, however, this phenomenon is not clear-cut, and hacktivist groups demonstrate many differences when it comes to their constitution, techniques, and especially their level of state control. Many “hacktivist” groups are entities that have been purposefully set up… Read More
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Rethinking Cyber War: A Critical Analysis of Thomas Rid
Abstract: This critical analysis evaluates Thomas Rid’s thesis in “Cyber War Will Not Take Place,” which argues that cyber operations do not fulfil Clausewitzian criteria for war. It supports Rid’s overall assertion while exploring nuances and limitations in his argument. Despite the compelling nature of Rid’s claim that cyber war as a standalone phenomenon is… Read More
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The Evolution of Cybercrime
Abstract: The history and evolution of cybercrime is a complex yet flourishing and lucrative industry. With threat actors constantly emerging, many infrastructures worldwide are constantly under threat. Countries such as the UK and the U.S. have been the most vulnerable with their Western democratic culture, which is an ideal target for threat actors originating from… Read More
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