European Union
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Türkiye’s Military Capacity And European Defence Integration
Abstract: As Europe confronts the return of high-intensity warfare and prolonged industrial attrition, longstanding assumptions about defence readiness are being reconsidered. This report examines Türkiye’s evolving role within the European security landscape, arguing that Ankara has emerged as a significant yet inherently limited contributor to addressing Europe’s structural shortfalls in manpower, munitions, and operational adaptability.… Read More
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Putin’s Early NATO Discourse And The Myth Of Ignored Russian Security Interests
Abstract: This article challenges the post‑2014 Russian claim that NATO enlargement systematically ignored Russia’s legitimate security interests. Drawing on Vladimir Putin’s own speeches and interviews from 2000–2004, combined with primary documents such as the 1997 NATO–Russia Founding Act, it demonstrates that Moscow repeatedly accepted Alliance enlargement, deepened institutional cooperation, and even contemplated Russian membership. The… Read More
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Institutional Conversion And The Politics Of Digital Insecurity
Abstract: Digital insecurity becomes leverage only when authorities recognised by relevant governance bodies convert cyber risk into binding rules, restrictions, or supervisory duties that alter the terms of participation. This process is called institutional conversion. Three pathways matter most: reliability shock, supplier risk governance, and exposure cascade. Comparing the European Union with Nigeria shows that… Read More
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Artificial Intelligence And Ethics In The Era Of Digital Transformation
Abstract: This article examines the ethical implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the context of the proliferation of AI-generated media content, with particular emphasis on deepfakes, general disinformation, and targeted fake news. The aim of the study is to identify and analyse key aspects of demagoguery and electoral manipulation, focusing on their broader societal impacts.… Read More
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Social Cohesion, Collective Defence, And The Latent Power Of Democracy
Abstract: Collective security in democracies is unviable without public trust and a publicly cogent threat assessment. Thus, it follows that democratic security architects should promote an internally-focused threat perception and engage in realistic perception management. There needs to be a greater focus on what we have that is worth protecting, and why; moreover, threat perceptions… Read More
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The Integration Of AI-Empowered Autonomous Weapon Systems In European Defence
Abstract: As AI technologies advance, they alter military strategies and raise critical issues, including legal adherence to international humanitarian law and ethical concerns such as accountability and the potential for dehumanised warfare. The integration of AI-enhanced Autonomous Weapon Systems (AWS) presents both strategic opportunities and profound legal and ethical challenges for European defence. Problem statement:… Read More
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Peace Negotiations About The War In Ukraine As A Matter For The Global Community Of States
Abstract: Eighty years after the founding of the United Nations (UN), international conflicts—in particular those escalating into wars, such as in Ukraine and in the Middle East—became a matter of the international community consisting of 193 countries with the right to vote in the General Assembly. In this part of the newsletter series, different positions… Read More
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Through Audacity And Arms: How Europe Can Restrain Russia
Abstract: The global West, and Europe in particular, are beset by the consequences of self-doubt and the vagaries of the peace dividend. These manifest in Russian intransigence and the less-than-resolute response to Russian aggression in Ukraine. However, this need not be the case. Russia has been emboldened to act recklessly because it seems that nobody… Read More
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The Liberum Veto: A History and a Warning
Abstract: Based on recent political disagreements between the European Union/NATO and Hungary, the requirements for unanimity in decision-making by these two multinational organisations repeat the tradition of the Liberum Veto of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and could very well lead to their self-destruction—just as happened to the Commonwealth. There are similarities between today and an earlier… Read More
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State Your Case: The European Union Needs To Embrace Realism Before It’s Too Late
Abstract: As global geopolitics are shifting towards profound competition between China and the United States, and with Russia engaging in a war against Ukraine, the authors advocate for a European realism based on a robust economy and a modernised military. Acknowledging that all successful grand strategies begin with domestic policies to consolidate material power, we… Read More
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