Articles
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Defining Cognitive Warfare: Maximalist versus Minimalist Approaches
Abstract: Given the relevance, evolution, and proliferation of cognitive warfare in the modern age, it is necessary to delve deeper into the concept to gain an empirical understanding that can inform future policies and practices. Accordingly, a systematic literature review was carried out to define the concept in relation to six key aspects, namely its… Read more →
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Strategic Relevance Of Maritime Chokepoints For Global Trade
Abstract: Maritime chokepoints are central to NATO’s collective defence and economic stability, yet their strategic implications are often underexamined in alliance planning. This article evaluates the enduring and emerging significance of key global chokepoints through historical case studies and contemporary disruptions. It assesses how control, instability, or denial at these points shape NATO’s ability to… Read more →
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The Future Of Maritime Interactions In The Age of AI
Abstract: Artificial Intelligence is transforming warfare on land, in the air, and above all—for this paper—at sea. AI is not only enhancing non-kinetic dimensions, such as information dominance, cyber operations, and decision-making processes, but is also amplifying the effectiveness of kinetic means. Recent conflicts have demonstrated how AI-enabled systems are used to deter, degrade, and… Read more →
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Deterrence And The Need For Strategic Culture In Germany At The Heart Of Europe
Abstract: This essay examines Germany’s lack of strategic culture and its implications for deterrence and security policy. Written in the aftermath of the MSC 2025 and the context of growing geopolitical instability, it highlights how Europe’s reliance on the United States, combined with a weak defence mindset, undermines the ability to deter adversaries. The analysis… Read more →
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Technical, Organisational, And Strategic Dimensions In Defence-Critical Contexts
Abstract: Artificial Intelligence is transforming the functioning and interaction of weapon systems and changing how battles are fought. That said, there are still many unresolved questions regarding the safety and security of AI systems. The core concern is that military organisations must adopt a multifaceted approach to effectively manage AI-associated risks, combining technical measures with… Read more →
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Navigating Contemporary Hydropolitics
Abstract: The vested economic interests of some riparian states have led them to usurp transboundary water resources at the expense of others, culminating in tensions and even hydro-wars. A multiplicity of strategies has been employed to manage these water disputes: International Water Agreements (IWAs), Integrated Water Management (IWM) and Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms. Despite… Read more →
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Future Of Drone Warfare In South Asia
Abstract: The military confrontation between India and Pakistan that took place in May 2025 has demonstrated that in South Asian, the employment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in active combat roles has become a reality. This growing utility of UAVs stems from their cost-effectiveness, precision, flexibility, and the reduced risk associated with their unmanned nature.… Read more →
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The Pakistan-Saudi Defence Pact
Abstract: The Pakistan-Saudi Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement marks a turning point in regional geopolitics, transcending bilateral security cooperation to reshape the balance of power across West Asia and South Asia. The pact strengthens Pakistan’s deterrence by leveraging China’s defence umbrella while allowing Saudi Arabia to diversify beyond U.S. guarantees. It signals the potential emergence of… Read more →
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Innovative Technologies In The Development Of Explosives And Pyrotechnics For Modern Warfare
Abstract: Explosives and pyrotechnics play a critical role in modern military technology. Recent advancements in nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, and 3D additive manufacturing are transforming the development, applications, and safety of these technologies. This paper examines how these disruptive technologies shape the future of explosives while addressing the challenges of their ethical application. Special attention is… Read more →
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Surrogate Diplomacy: An Evolving Diplomatic Paradigm For New Era Geopolitics
Abstract: This paper illustrates the evolution of third-party intermediaries from crisis ad-hoc responders to credible systemic actors, i.e. diplomatic surrogates. The main argument is that surrogate diplomacy signifies a transition from state-centric international relations towards networked international relations, having more effective and systematic means of resolving disputes than traditional diplomacy in multipolar conditions. Surrogate diplomacy’s… Read more →
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