Military
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The Emerging Logic Of Prolonged And Indeterminate War
Abstract: An increasing number of contemporary conflicts appear to resist decisive resolution under specific structural conditions. This argument does not suggest that all wars follow the same trajectory. Rather, it identifies specific structural configurations under which decisive outcomes become less likely. For the purposes of this article, “strategic closure” refers to the production of a… Read More
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Are You REDy? Using Red AI Tactics And The Defence Metaverse To Augment Future Force Design
Abstract: Force designers face demanding methodological challenges when considering how best to adapt concepts, successfully adopt new technologies, and overhaul existing structures and processes amid a fundamentally changing geostrategic environment. The Defence Metaverse, an ultra-realistic virtual twin of the battlefield, and powerful new red AI tactics offer sovereign European solutions to tackle these challenges by… Read More
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Academic Education For Officers’ Training In A New Age Of Warfare
Abstract: This paper argues that (military) leaders need to develop four critical capabilities to succeed in a disruptive and ambiguous environment. It goes on to contrast these desiderata with the fundamental trade-off between readiness and quality that permeates all military training and education, including academic studies. To counter a specific threat within a given time… Read More
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Bias Vs. Bots: Training Officers For Cognitive Warfare
Abstract: Emerging technologies increasingly accelerate intelligence and decision cycles, yet the officer as human-in-the-loop remains cognitively vulnerable within contested information environments. Artificial intelligence may both mitigate and amplify these vulnerabilities. This article conceptualises Cognitive Resilience as the systematic integration of cognitive control loops into military decision-making. It proposes a training framework—Countering Cognitive Warfare Training (CCW… Read More
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An Austrian Perspective On Training First-Person-View-Drone-Builders And Operators
Abstract: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and, especially, First Person View (FPV)-drones have fundamentally altered conventional and asymmetric warfare. With their rapid development since 2022 in the Russian-Ukrainian war, the Austrian Armed Forces recognised the need to develop methods to train future leaders in the intricacies of warfare with a heavy UAV presence and in integrating… Read More
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“Analogue” And “Digital” Reserve Forces
Abstract: Specialised digital-reserve functions are becoming increasingly important in how states conceptualise reserves in national and allied security. Alongside traditional reserve roles, digitally-specialised reservists can mobilise scarce expertise in cyber defence, data, cloud systems, and AI. Drawing on civilian and academic professionals, they may strengthen resilience against hybrid threats while raising questions of interoperability, legality,… Read More
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Assessing Algorithmic Influence In Military Education
Abstract: This article argues that AI-mediated cadet/officer training is not ethically neutral but functions as a normative training environment that shapes attention, incentives, and moral reasoning. Drawing on a virtue-ethics distinction between simulated virtue (ethically correct-looking outputs and rule compliance) and internalised virtue (phronesis-based judgment under pressure), it describes how AI training ecosystems pre-structure ethical… Read More
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Emerging Technologies And The Enduring Principles Of War In European Officer Education
Abstract: While emerging technologies are transforming the character of war and officer education, the core principles of war remain constant. Focusing on European military academies, AI-enabled decision support systems, unmanned platforms, and cyber capabilities can be integrated into the basic education of future officers. These tools will reshape the teaching of the enduring principles of… Read More
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How The Baltic Nations Are Preparing A Multilayered Defence To Russian Aggression
Abstract: The 2014 and 2022 invasions of Ukraine by Russia have forced many European nations, especially the Baltic nations of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia, to reconsider their military defences, grey zone security measures, and civil preparedness in response to wide-ranging Russian threats. The Baltic nations have increased defence spending and capabilities, worked in the grey… Read More
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Designing A Generative AI Platform For Tactical Training Of Junior Officers
Abstract: Tactical decision-making lies at the core of officer education, yet current training methods remain constrained by structural and pedagogical limitations. Traditional wargames offer valuable experience but are organisationally difficult, time-intensive, and often emphasise flows of play over cognitive decision-making. Tactical Decision Games (TDGs) partially address this gap, but their effectiveness is limited by instructor… Read More
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